Human Heart

Structure: The heart is a muscular organ located slightly left of the center of the chest. It is about the size of a clenched fist and weighs around 250-350 grams in adults. The heart is divided into four chambers: two upper chambers called the atria (singular: atrium) and two lower chambers called the ventricles.

Function: The heart functions as a pump that circulates blood throughout the body. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body.

Blood circulation: Blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava, which carry deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium. From there, it moves into the right ventricle and is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. In the lungs, oxygen is picked up, and carbon dioxide is released. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, entering the left atrium. It then passes into the left ventricle, which pumps it out to the body through the aorta.

Cardiac cycle: The heart undergoes a series of rhythmic contractions and relaxations known as the cardiac cycle. During each cycle, the atria contract simultaneously, filling the ventricles with blood. This is followed by the contraction of the ventricles, pumping blood out of the heart. The relaxation phase allows the chambers to refill with blood and prepares for the next cycle.

Coronary circulation: The heart itself requires a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients. Coronary arteries branch off the aorta and provide oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The coronary veins collect deoxygenated blood and return it to the right atrium.

Heart rate and regulation: The rate at which the heart beats is controlled by the sinoatrial (SA) node, often referred to as the heart's natural pacemaker. The SA node generates electrical impulses that regulate the heart's contractions. The autonomic nervous system, specifically the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, helps regulate heart rate and adjust it according to the body's needs.

Heart diseases: The heart can be affected by various conditions and diseases, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, and valvular disorders. Lifestyle factors, genetics, and underlying medical conditions can contribute to the development of heart diseases.

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